//! Encodes EVEX instructions. These instructions are those added by the AVX-512 extensions. The
//! EVEX encoding requires a 4-byte prefix:
//!
//! Byte 0:  0x62
//!         ┌───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┐
//! Byte 1: │ R │ X │ B │ R'│ 0 │ 0 │ m │ m │
//!         ├───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤
//! Byte 2: │ W │ v │ v │ v │ v │ 1 │ p │ p │
//!         ├───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤
//! Byte 3: │ z │ L'│ L │ b │ V'│ a │ a │ a │
//!         └───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┘
//!
//! The prefix is then followeded by the opcode byte, the ModR/M byte, and other optional suffixes
//! (e.g. SIB byte, displacements, immediates) based on the instruction (see section 2.6, Intel
//! Software Development Manual, volume 2A).
use super::rex::{encode_modrm, LegacyPrefixes, OpcodeMap};
use super::ByteSink;
use core::ops::RangeInclusive;

/// Constructs an EVEX-encoded instruction using a builder pattern. This approach makes it visually
/// easier to transform something the manual's syntax, `EVEX.256.66.0F38.W1 1F /r` to code:
/// `EvexInstruction::new().length(...).prefix(...).map(...).w(true).opcode(0x1F).reg(...).rm(...)`.
pub struct EvexInstruction {
    bits: u32,
    opcode: u8,
    reg: Register,
    rm: Register,
}

/// Because some of the bit flags in the EVEX prefix are reversed and users of `EvexInstruction` may
/// choose to skip setting fields, here we set some sane defaults. Note that:
/// - the first byte is always `0x62` but you will notice it at the end of the default `bits` value
///   implemented--remember the little-endian order
/// - some bits are always set to certain values: bits 10-11 to 0, bit 18 to 1
/// - the other bits set correspond to reversed bits: R, X, B, R' (byte 1), vvvv (byte 2), V' (byte
///   3).
///
/// See the `default_emission` test for what these defaults are equivalent to (e.g. using RAX,
/// unsetting the W bit, etc.)
impl Default for EvexInstruction {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            bits: 0x08_7C_F0_62,
            opcode: 0,
            reg: Register::default(),
            rm: Register::default(),
        }
    }
}

#[allow(non_upper_case_globals)] // This makes it easier to match the bit range names to the manual's names.
impl EvexInstruction {
    /// Construct a default EVEX instruction.
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self::default()
    }

    /// Set the length of the instruction . Note that there are sets of instructions (i.e. rounding,
    /// memory broadcast) that modify the same underlying bits--at some point (TODO) we can add a
    /// way to set those context bits and verify that both are not used (e.g. rounding AND length).
    /// For now, this method is very convenient.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn length(mut self, length: EvexVectorLength) -> Self {
        self.write(Self::LL, EvexContext::Other { length }.bits() as u32);
        self
    }

    /// Set the legacy prefix byte of the instruction: None | 66 | F0 | F2 | F3. EVEX instructions
    /// pack these into the prefix, not as separate bytes.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn prefix(mut self, prefix: LegacyPrefixes) -> Self {
        self.write(Self::pp, prefix.bits() as u32);
        self
    }

    /// Set the opcode map byte of the instruction: None | 0F | 0F38 | 0F3A. EVEX instructions pack
    /// these into the prefix, not as separate bytes.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn map(mut self, map: OpcodeMap) -> Self {
        self.write(Self::mm, map.bits() as u32);
        self
    }

    /// Set the W bit, typically used to indicate an instruction using 64 bits of an operand (e.g.
    /// 64 bit lanes). EVEX packs this bit in the EVEX prefix; previous encodings used the REX
    /// prefix.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn w(mut self, w: bool) -> Self {
        self.write(Self::W, w as u32);
        self
    }

    /// Set the instruction opcode byte.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn opcode(mut self, opcode: u8) -> Self {
        self.opcode = opcode;
        self
    }

    /// Set the register to use for the `reg` bits; many instructions use this as the write operand.
    /// Setting this affects both the ModRM byte (`reg` section) and the EVEX prefix (the extension
    /// bits for register encodings > 8).
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn reg(mut self, reg: impl Into<Register>) -> Self {
        self.reg = reg.into();
        let r = !(self.reg.0 >> 3) & 1;
        let r_ = !(self.reg.0 >> 4) & 1;
        self.write(Self::R, r as u32);
        self.write(Self::R_, r_ as u32);
        self
    }

    /// Set the mask to use. See section 2.6 in the Intel Software Developer's Manual, volume 2A for
    /// more details.
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn mask(mut self, mask: EvexMasking) -> Self {
        self.write(Self::aaa, mask.aaa_bits() as u32);
        self.write(Self::z, mask.z_bit() as u32);
        self
    }

    /// Set the `vvvvv` register; some instructions allow using this as a second, non-destructive
    /// source register in 3-operand instructions (e.g. 2 read, 1 write).
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn vvvvv(mut self, reg: impl Into<Register>) -> Self {
        let reg = reg.into();
        self.write(Self::vvvv, !(reg.0 as u32) & 0b1111);
        self.write(Self::V_, !(reg.0 as u32 >> 4) & 0b1);
        self
    }

    /// Set the register to use for the `rm` bits; many instructions use this as the "read from
    /// register/memory" operand. Currently this does not support memory addressing (TODO).Setting
    /// this affects both the ModRM byte (`rm` section) and the EVEX prefix (the extension bits for
    /// register encodings > 8).
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn rm(mut self, reg: impl Into<Register>) -> Self {
        self.rm = reg.into();
        let b = !(self.rm.0 >> 3) & 1;
        let x = !(self.rm.0 >> 4) & 1;
        self.write(Self::X, x as u32);
        self.write(Self::B, b as u32);
        self
    }

    /// Emit the EVEX-encoded instruction to the code sink:
    /// - first, the 4-byte EVEX prefix;
    /// - then, the opcode byte;
    /// - finally, the ModR/M byte.
    ///
    /// Eventually this method should support encodings of more than just the reg-reg addressing mode (TODO).
    pub fn encode<CS: ByteSink + ?Sized>(&self, sink: &mut CS) {
        sink.put4(self.bits);
        sink.put1(self.opcode);
        sink.put1(encode_modrm(3, self.reg.0 & 7, self.rm.0 & 7));
    }

    // In order to simplify the encoding of the various bit ranges in the prefix, we specify those
    // ranges according to the table below (extracted from the Intel Software Development Manual,
    // volume 2A). Remember that, because we pack the 4-byte prefix into a little-endian `u32`, this
    // chart should be read from right-to-left, top-to-bottom. Note also that we start ranges at bit
    // 8, leaving bits 0-7 for the mandatory `0x62`.
    //         ┌───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┐
    // Byte 1: │ R │ X │ B │ R'│ 0 │ 0 │ m │ m │
    //         ├───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤
    // Byte 2: │ W │ v │ v │ v │ v │ 1 │ p │ p │
    //         ├───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤
    // Byte 3: │ z │ L'│ L │ b │ V'│ a │ a │ a │
    //         └───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┘

    // Byte 1:
    const mm: RangeInclusive<u8> = 8..=9;
    const R_: RangeInclusive<u8> = 12..=12;
    const B: RangeInclusive<u8> = 13..=13;
    const X: RangeInclusive<u8> = 14..=14;
    const R: RangeInclusive<u8> = 15..=15;

    // Byte 2:
    const pp: RangeInclusive<u8> = 16..=17;
    const vvvv: RangeInclusive<u8> = 19..=22;
    const W: RangeInclusive<u8> = 23..=23;

    // Byte 3:
    const aaa: RangeInclusive<u8> = 24..=26;
    const V_: RangeInclusive<u8> = 27..=27;
    #[allow(dead_code)] // Will be used once broadcast and rounding controls are exposed.
    const b: RangeInclusive<u8> = 28..=28;
    const LL: RangeInclusive<u8> = 29..=30;
    const z: RangeInclusive<u8> = 31..=31;

    // A convenience method for writing the `value` bits to the given range in `self.bits`.
    #[inline]
    fn write(&mut self, range: RangeInclusive<u8>, value: u32) {
        assert!(ExactSizeIterator::len(&range) > 0);
        let size = range.end() - range.start() + 1; // Calculate the number of bits in the range.
        let mask: u32 = (1 << size) - 1; // Generate a bit mask.
        debug_assert!(
            value <= mask,
            "The written value should have fewer than {} bits.",
            size
        );
        let mask_complement = !(mask << *range.start()); // Create the bitwise complement for the clear mask.
        self.bits &= mask_complement; // Clear the bits in `range`; otherwise the OR below may allow previously-set bits to slip through.
        let value = value << *range.start(); // Place the value in the correct location (assumes `value <= mask`).
        self.bits |= value; // Modify the bits in `range`.
    }
}

/// Describe the register index to use. This wrapper is a type-safe way to pass
/// around the registers defined in `inst/regs.rs`.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Default)]
pub struct Register(u8);
impl From<u8> for Register {
    fn from(reg: u8) -> Self {
        debug_assert!(reg < 16);
        Self(reg)
    }
}
impl Into<u8> for Register {
    fn into(self) -> u8 {
        self.0
    }
}

/// Defines the EVEX context for the `L'`, `L`, and `b` bits (bits 6:4 of EVEX P2 byte). Table 2-36 in
/// section 2.6.10 (Intel Software Development Manual, volume 2A) describes how these bits can be
/// used together for certain classes of instructions; i.e., special care should be taken to ensure
/// that instructions use an applicable correct `EvexContext`. Table 2-39 contains cases where
/// opcodes can result in an #UD.
#[allow(dead_code, missing_docs)] // Rounding and broadcast modes are not yet used.
pub enum EvexContext {
    RoundingRegToRegFP {
        rc: EvexRoundingControl,
    },
    NoRoundingFP {
        sae: bool,
        length: EvexVectorLength,
    },
    MemoryOp {
        broadcast: bool,
        length: EvexVectorLength,
    },
    Other {
        length: EvexVectorLength,
    },
}

impl Default for EvexContext {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::Other {
            length: EvexVectorLength::default(),
        }
    }
}

impl EvexContext {
    /// Encode the `L'`, `L`, and `b` bits (bits 6:4 of EVEX P2 byte) for merging with the P2 byte.
    pub fn bits(&self) -> u8 {
        match self {
            Self::RoundingRegToRegFP { rc } => 0b001 | rc.bits() << 1,
            Self::NoRoundingFP { sae, length } => (*sae as u8) | length.bits() << 1,
            Self::MemoryOp { broadcast, length } => (*broadcast as u8) | length.bits() << 1,
            Self::Other { length } => length.bits() << 1,
        }
    }
}

/// The EVEX format allows choosing a vector length in the `L'` and `L` bits; see `EvexContext`.
#[allow(dead_code, missing_docs)] // Wider-length vectors are not yet used.
pub enum EvexVectorLength {
    V128,
    V256,
    V512,
}

impl EvexVectorLength {
    /// Encode the `L'` and `L` bits for merging with the P2 byte.
    fn bits(&self) -> u8 {
        match self {
            Self::V128 => 0b00,
            Self::V256 => 0b01,
            Self::V512 => 0b10,
            // 0b11 is reserved (#UD).
        }
    }
}

impl Default for EvexVectorLength {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::V128
    }
}

/// The EVEX format allows defining rounding control in the `L'` and `L` bits; see `EvexContext`.
#[allow(dead_code, missing_docs)] // Rounding controls are not yet used.
pub enum EvexRoundingControl {
    RNE,
    RD,
    RU,
    RZ,
}

impl EvexRoundingControl {
    /// Encode the `L'` and `L` bits for merging with the P2 byte.
    fn bits(&self) -> u8 {
        match self {
            Self::RNE => 0b00,
            Self::RD => 0b01,
            Self::RU => 0b10,
            Self::RZ => 0b11,
        }
    }
}

/// Defines the EVEX masking behavior; masking support is described in section 2.6.4 of the Intel
/// Software Development Manual, volume 2A.
#[allow(dead_code, missing_docs)] // Masking is not yet used.
pub enum EvexMasking {
    None,
    Merging { k: u8 },
    Zeroing { k: u8 },
}

impl Default for EvexMasking {
    fn default() -> Self {
        EvexMasking::None
    }
}

impl EvexMasking {
    /// Encode the `z` bit for merging with the P2 byte.
    pub fn z_bit(&self) -> u8 {
        match self {
            Self::None | Self::Merging { .. } => 0,
            Self::Zeroing { .. } => 1,
        }
    }

    /// Encode the `aaa` bits for merging with the P2 byte.
    pub fn aaa_bits(&self) -> u8 {
        match self {
            Self::None => 0b000,
            Self::Merging { k } | Self::Zeroing { k } => {
                debug_assert!(*k <= 7);
                *k
            }
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::isa::x64::inst::regs;
    use std::vec::Vec;

    // As a sanity test, we verify that the output of `xed-asmparse-main 'vpabsq xmm0{k0},
    // xmm1'` matches this EVEX encoding machinery.
    #[test]
    fn vpabsq() {
        let dst = regs::xmm0();
        let src = regs::xmm1();
        let mut sink0 = Vec::new();

        EvexInstruction::new()
            .prefix(LegacyPrefixes::_66)
            .map(OpcodeMap::_0F38)
            .w(true)
            .opcode(0x1F)
            .reg(dst.to_real_reg().unwrap().hw_enc())
            .rm(src.to_real_reg().unwrap().hw_enc())
            .length(EvexVectorLength::V128)
            .encode(&mut sink0);

        assert_eq!(sink0, vec![0x62, 0xf2, 0xfd, 0x08, 0x1f, 0xc1]);
    }

    /// Verify that the defaults are equivalent to an instruction with a `0x00` opcode using the
    /// "0" register (i.e. `rax`), with sane defaults for the various configurable parameters. This
    /// test is more interesting than it may appear because some of the parameters have flipped-bit
    /// representations (e.g. `vvvvv`) so emitting 0s as a default will not work.
    #[test]
    fn default_emission() {
        let mut sink0 = Vec::new();
        EvexInstruction::new().encode(&mut sink0);

        let mut sink1 = Vec::new();
        EvexInstruction::new()
            .length(EvexVectorLength::V128)
            .prefix(LegacyPrefixes::None)
            .map(OpcodeMap::None)
            .w(false)
            .opcode(0x00)
            .reg(regs::rax().to_real_reg().unwrap().hw_enc())
            .rm(regs::rax().to_real_reg().unwrap().hw_enc())
            .mask(EvexMasking::None)
            .encode(&mut sink1);

        assert_eq!(sink0, sink1);
    }
}